The climate crisis threatens economic stability – why are central bankers divided?
Jerome Powell and Mervyn King reject taking on climate policy, while Mark Carney and Christine Lagarde say action is vital The climate crisis has come to represent a major challenge for central banks. How much should their monetary policy and approach to banking supervision be influenced by it? On one hand, there is growing evidence that global heating, particularly through its effect on agriculture, may create inflationary pressures . And there is even stronger evidence that the physical and transition risks created by the climate crisis are having, and will continue to have, a major impact on the value of financial assets and financial firms, which those responsible for the stability of the financial system cannot ignore. On the other hand, policies to increase energy costs and lower emissions are hugely controversial , especially in the US. A proactive approach might lead the central bank into a political war zone, vulnerable to attack from both sides. So far, central banks have tended to see this as territory they cannot avoid. A group of them, principally Europeans, pushed for a new coalition of the willing, and the Network for Greening the Financial System was established at the end of 2017. The US Federal Reserve was initially a wallflower but became a full member after Joe Bidens election. The Peoples Bank of China was there from the start, and for a time it seemed that a consensus on central banks appropriate posture would emerge. That is no longer the case. Two camps have formed, and they seem likely to drift further apart. In the brown corner, so to speak, we find the Fed chair, Jerome Powell. At a conference in Stockholm earlier this month he nailed his colours to the mast. We are not, and will not be, a climate policymaker, he said. Integrating climate change considerations into monetary and banking supervision policies would have significant distributional and other effects on companies, industries, regions and nations. Powell, no doubt influenced by the fact that one of Bidens nominees for the Fed board had to withdraw in the face of congressional opposition to her views on the climate crisis, insists that the Fed should not go there. Others in the brown camp include Mervyn King, the former Bank of England governor, who argues that taking on climate responsibilities would put at risk central bank independence. No greater risk to human life can be imagined. Otmar Issing, the European Central Banks first chief economist, has also weighed in. There can be no such thing as a green monetary policy, he said. But there are doughty fighters in the green corner, too. Mark Carney, an enthusiast since he led the Bank of England, encourages central banks to examine how to revise their ... monetary-policy operations to be more consistent with the legislated climate objectives. The ECB president, Christine Lagarde , herself has described the climate crisis as mission critical. Frank Elderson, the responsible ECB board member, has engineered a tilt in the Banks bond-purchase schemes away from firms with high carbon emissions, in favour of more climate-friendly companies and industries. He described the Bank as a prudent realist, rather than an environmental activist (though some bankers supervised by the ECB would probably disagree). Banks will be at the forefront of the energy and climate transition, whether they want to be or not, he said, and the supervisors role is to encourage banks to manage their loan portfolios with that in mind. On the monetary policy front, Isabel Schnabel, the German ECB board member, recently described how and why the Bank would incorporate climate-change considerations in its approach. In addition to removing the existing bias towards emission-intensive firms, the ECB plans to make climate-related disclosures compulsory for bonds to remain eligible as collateral in our refinancing operations. Tough love. The ECB seems unconcerned by Powells argument that climate policy is not for the central bank, and it justifies its approach by noting that the Banks statute requires it to support the EUs economic policies, in addition to maintaining price stability. But critics warn that the ECB may soon be challenged in court for overstepping its mandate. Sign up to Business Today Get set for the working day we'll point you to all the business news and analysis you need every morning after newsletter promotion The British seem to be positioned in the middle of the Atlantic, as is often the case. The Bank of England did, in fact, conduct a climate stress test on British banks. It was an illuminating exercise: the risks to banks were greatest if governments delayed effective action on carbon pricing, and if the necessary adjustments to achieve the new net zero objective for emissions were sudden and disruptive. That understanding has driven change by banks themselves. But the UK regulators have so far set their face against the idea of manipulating capital requirements to raise the cost of lending to high carbon emitters (the so-called brown penalising factor) or to incentivize green lending (the green supporting factor). There is more enthusiasm for such manipulation in the eurozone, where the Banque de France is in favour. From banks perspective, these divergences of view are a concern. There is a clear danger that different approaches to climate risks in different jurisdictions will create competitive distortions. So, bankers hope that some convergence of view develops, and soon. Mixing brown and green paint together typically creates a darker, duller green: forest green, it is often called. That could be an appropriate solution. But for the time being the Fed seems determined to stay out of the woods. Sir Howard Davies, the first chairman of the UKs Financial Services Authority, is the chairman of NatWest Group. He was director of the LSE and served as deputy governor of the Bank of England and CBI director general. Project Syndicate