After days at sea with the Cook Islands PM, here’s what I learned
The South Pacific nation plans to mine the seabed for metals needed in the green energy transition. But could the fight against climate change put our oceans at risk? The ship was rocking from side to side and I was struggling to find my sea legs as I stumbled into the queue for dinner. I was standing in the mess hall of an exploration vessel in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Ahead of me in line was Cook Islands Prime Minister Mark Brown. He held onto the buffet table with one hand as he used the other to scoop spaghetti bolognese onto his plate. I took a few slices of pizza and sat at a table bolted to the floor. Cutlery? came a voice from above. It was the prime minister, offering me a knife and fork. A seemingly ordinary question coming from anyone but a world leader. As gracefully as possible in four-metre swells, Brown sat down next to me without a security guard or member of his entourage in sight. These exploration vessels are going to be doing so much work in our ocean, I wanted to see firsthand what it was like, Brown said. When we flew to the Cook Islands to film Mining the Pacific Ocean, a 101 East investigation into deep-sea exploration and climate change, I had tempered expectations about an on-camera interview with the countrys leader. We certainly hadnt expected Brown and his wife to come onboard the ship for three days as VIP guests. It may be unusual for a prime minister, but its not unusual for me. I like this sort of thing. I guess Im pretty much a hands-on type of person, he remarked. We were onboard to observe a team of surveyors who were mapping the ocean floor using sonar technology. The crew from resource company Moana Minerals were searching for buried treasure, in the form of potato-sized rocks known as polymetallic nodules. The pebbles are highly sought after because they contain metals needed in the green energy transition. The copper, cobalt, nickel and manganese found in these nodules can be used to make batteries for electric cars and storage cells for home solar units. Its believed there are trillions of these rocks in the waters surrounding the Cook Islands. To resource companies, its an untapped gold mine. Moana Minerals has been granted an exploration licence to investigate what lies on the ocean floor. The companys exploration area only covers one percent of the Cook Islands territory, but its estimated to contain about $10bn worth of minerals. These minerals not only provide an opportunity for income for our country, but it also provides an opportunity to contribute to the worlds push to green energy and to reducing carbon emissions, Brown said. We can do our part to help the world. The Cook Islands is on the front line of climate change, experiencing rising sea levels, increased droughts and cyclones. This nation of 15,000 people is also suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism, the countrys largest industry, ground to a halt in 2020 when borders closed and resorts were shuttered for two years. The country has since reopened, but its economy has declined by 25 percent. These challenges are contributing to mass migration, with four out of five Cook Islanders moving overseas, often for higher-paid jobs. Dozens of houses now sit abandoned in villages across the islands. The prime minister is acutely aware that his country cannot function without a sizeable workforce and with limited options in a country thats 99 percent water, he has turned to an untested industry: deep-sea mining. His government has issued exploration licences to three resource companies, including Moana Minerals. The permits are not a green light to mine, but allow companies to determine if the industry is viable. If we develop an industry here in our country that is viable and sustainable, we will attract back those people and we will keep people in the country, Brown said. Theres no doubt, if a country is to prosper, it must also have people. But deep-sea mining carries risks as well as possible riches. It involves dredging the seabed 5km (3 miles) below the surface a process scientists say can cause underwater dust storms that drift on currents and choke marine life. And thats just one of the known repercussions. What alarms scientists even more is what they dont know. The deep sea is one of the least explored places on Earth. Only 25 percent of the worlds oceans have been mapped, and biologists estimate that less than 10 percent of deep sea creatures have been discovered. Before boarding the exploration vessel, I took a smaller boat into the azure waters surrounding the main island of Rarotonga. The skipper was a Spanish backpacker, who thought he had the best job in the world. It was easy to see why. When I dived below the surface, the clarity in the coral lagoon was extraordinary. Swimming beside me was environmental scientist Jacqueline Evans, one of 700 experts to have signed a petition calling for a 10-year moratorium on deep-sea mining. The group wants more independent research done before mining begins, arguing that the ocean already faces a raft of problems, from plastic pollution to acidification and overfishing. To have deep-sea mining, its just going to compound all these issues, she told me as we bobbed up and down in the water. It doesnt make sense to me to solve an environmental issue by creating another environmental issue. The longer I spent in the Cook Islands, the clearer it became; the ocean is entwined in every aspect of South Pacific life, from livelihoods to cultural traditions. There is a joke here, that only lazy people starve. The ocean has always provided food you just have to catch it. Evans argues that deep-sea mining threatens to destroy this way of life. It [a healthy ocean] is really important for tourism, but also in terms of our subsistence fishing and our industrial fishing. Theres a lot of economic benefit to having a beautiful, pristine environment, she said. But Evans fears the government has already convinced many Cook Islanders that mining could turn the country into the Dubai of the South Pacific. Theyve been talking to communities all around the country and only giving one side of the story, she said. I think theres definitely a portion of our community that are drunk on the idea of riches from mining. Back at the swaying dinner table onboard the research ship, the prime minister maintained that the government would not issue mining permits unless resource companies prove it can be done without significant environmental impact. But how do you define significant impact? Thats the one question he couldnt answer directly. But Mark Brown is prepared to accept some risk, if there is a pay-off that benefits his country. Pragmatism is, by nature, a necessity when you live in a small island state, he said. We are a country that has very limited resources... to get ahead in this type of environment, we have to make bold decisions sometimes and we have to lead the way. His view is not shared by everyone across the region. Seven other Pacific nations oppose mining, arguing that because they share the ocean, they also share the risk of sustaining environmental damage. The morning after this discussion, the cameraman, producer and I loaded our equipment onto a barge and motored to one of the nations 15 islands. Back on solid ground, we came across an old man, a taro farmer tending to his property. I asked him to explain the graves that lie in front of each house in the village. He told me its common for Cook Islanders to bury their loved ones at home, to keep them close. Detecting my Australian accent, he told me his children had left the island to work in Melbourne. Pointing to two graves that lay in front of the abandoned house next to his, the farmer said, Theyre the parents. Their children had also left the island for opportunities abroad. A question that had been lurking in my mind for the entire trip resurfaced: If deep-sea mining goes ahead, will it be the golden ticket that draws young people home? Or could it be the nail in the coffin that destroys the pristine marine environment that has sustained generations of Cook Islanders? Its an enormous question for one of the worlds smallest nations. This story is produced in collaboration with SBS Australia and supported by the Sean Dorney Grant for Pacific Journalism through the Walkley Public Fund.