The ski resorts saving snow over the summer
As global warming is threatening ski holidays, some resorts are reviving an ancient trick: saving snow over the summer. At the ski resort of Ruka, Finland, the snow normally starts to melt in April. In early May, the 22 chairlifts will, temporarily, grind to a halt. The 41 trails will, like every year, turn green making the hill a destination for hikers and mountain bikers, not skiers. Five of the trails have been punctuated by two mounds of snow covered in white polystyrene blankets. Each huge mound will hold about 30,000 cubic metres (1.05 million cubic ft) of snow. They will stay there throughout the summer. When these mounds are uncovered in October, according to data estimates based on past years, some 80 to 90% of the snow will remain, enough to spread across three or four downhill slopes, plus the snow park. For a low-altitude resort like Ruka, which doesn't quite reach 500m (1,650ft), this isn't just convenient. It's game-changing particularly in the early part of the ski season, when both snow, and temperatures, can be variable. "About 10 years ago, we could guarantee good snow conditions from early December until April. Now, with snow farming, we can guarantee good ski conditions from early October until the second week of May," says Antti Karava, CEO of Ruka and Pyha Ski Resorts. As winters warm and snowfall becomes less predictable, dozens of ski resorts around the world are turning to variations of a technique alternatively called "snow farming" or "snow storage". Snow produced over the winter is pushed together , covered with insulation, and left throughout the summer. In the autumn, ahead of the season opening or an event like a ski race, the snow is uncovered and pushed to where it needs to go. In some ways, this practice is more efficient than traditional snow-making. And it can be hugely beneficial for both resorts like Ruka and their local economies, those in the industry say. Visitors aren't likely to book a holiday to come ski unless they can depend on snow cover, and major ski races that draw thousands of tourists might have to be cancelled. But, experts say, that resorts are having to turn to technologies like snow storage also underscores a real flaw with skiing's carbon footprint the industry's reliance on a traditional "season" that starts as early as October, despite autumn snow cover being increasingly rare. That snow can be stored year-round might seem surprising, but the practice dates back centuries . Before refrigeration, people stored ice and snow underground during the summer to allow them to keep food cool, for example. In more recent decades, as the ski industry has experimented with ways to preserve snow to allow for autumn or early-winter events or openings, resorts have piled snow together, then covered the piles with an organic material like sawdust, chipped wood, or straw. These methods can be surprisingly effective: One research paper found that they could preserve between 72-85% of snow mass over the summer. "It's like a house. You can have a warm house even in Arctic conditions if you insulate it well. The same, the other way around, with a heap of snow you can make it resistant to the heat around it if you insulate it well," says Fabian Wolfsperger, head of the Snow Sports Lab at Switzerland's Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research and one of the paper's co-authors. Today, however, the technology is far more advanced. Finnish company Snow Secure's system, for example, includes white, polystyrene blankets, either 50 or 70mm (2in to 2.8in) thick, designed to fit precisely shaped geometric mounds of snow. According to the company's own tests, the system works even in the hottest of temperatures. Over the course of a week in June 2023 in Vihti, Finland, temperature measurements taken from the top of the blanket covering stored snow showed a maximum temperature of 44C (111F). (The maximum air temperature was 31C (87.8F)). Below the mat? The temperature only reached a maximum of 2.5C (37.5F). While some 90% of the snow gets saved this way, the idea isn't to store enough snow to cover an entire resort. Instead, it might cover a slope that acts as a key artery, for example between two main chairlifts, or a snow park or children's area. And, of course, many already choose to cover any slope being used for a competition. One of the best-known, and most successful, examples of this has been Levi, Finland, which hosts the first slalom races of the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup calendar every November. Since 2016 , Levi has used snow storage to ensure those slopes will be ready for racing. In the years since, Levi hasn't once cancelled a slalom race due to lack of snow, unlike many of the other resorts hosting autumn FIS races. Of course, even this comes at a price. A Snow Secure pilot costs about 50,000 to 100,000 (43,000 to 87,000) while for enough snow to cover a whole slope, it's "several hundreds of thousands", says Lauslahti. It is, he says, an investment: over 10 years, the cost comes out to less than 1 (87p) per cubic metre of snow. There's also an environmental cost though it might be less than the way many resorts currently ensure adequate snow cover. Many resorts depend on artificial snow-making. But how much snow they can make depends on the conditions. When there's a combination of very cold temperatures, dry air, and mild winds, the process is the most efficient. If temperatures are around -2C (28F), for example, says Karava, a snow gun can go through about two cubic metres (71 cubic ft) of water per hour, producing three cubic metres (105 cubic ft) of snow. But if the temperature is between -15C and -20C (5 to -4F), a snow gun can go through 20 cubic metres of water (700 cubic ft) per hour and produce 35-40 cubic metres (1,236-14-12 cubic ft) of snow. "So it's 10 times more snow, with the same amount of energy," he says. But many resorts still try to make snow whenever they can. That includes the least efficient time of all in October or November, when many of them are most desperate to get coverage ahead of opening, but the weather may still be relatively warm. With snow storage, resorts like Ruka can focus on the most efficient times to make snow, such as in January, instead, says Karava. But it's still a process that requires energy, cautions Wolfsperger. "Clearly there's a carbon footprint," he says. In fact, he says, snow farming can even require two or three times more energy than traditional snowmaking, thanks to needing to distribute the snow. "As long as those machines drive with fossil fuels, this is an additional footprint," Wolfsperger says. (At Ruka, Karava notes, the grooming machines are run with renewable diesel, which cuts the process's carbon footprint by about 90%). Of course, Wolfsperger says, "it's always a question of what you're comparing to". If you're comparing the process to a resort trying to make snow in the warmer days of autumn, for example, it might indeed be more energy efficient. But there are other options. "If you say, 'Why don't we shift the World Cup to four weeks later', you'd save energy," he says. This is something that the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS), for one, seems to be increasingly aware of . The FIS World Cup alpine ski calendar starts in October and ends in March. But that's become an almost impossible schedule to maintain. This season, eight of the first 11 races on the men's calendar across locations in Austria, Switzerland, Canada and the US were cancelled , mostly due to poor conditions. Last season was much the same . The current FIS schedule and the traditional ski season, in general doesn't make much sense today, Wolfsperger points out. "Snow is a material which accumulates during the season," he says. At many mountains, that means there's little to none in December even though that's when many resorts are preparing for one of their biggest tourism weeks of the calendar, the Christmas holidays. More like this: Why climate change threatens to close ski resorts The winter cycling capital of the world The snowy countries losing their identity At high-altitude resorts, the greatest amount of snow cover tends to be later. At the 2,700m-tall (8,858ft) peak of Weissfluhjoch in Davos, where Wolfsperger lives, the average snow height maximum is mid-April, he says. Yet relatively few skiers book skiing holidays for spring. "I clearly see potential to improve the schedules of the competitions, and also motivate the people that it may not be the best thing to go skiing in the middle of November, or December," Wolfsperger says. In the meantime, there is the increasingly sophisticated process of snow storage a technology that seems likely to continue to become more common. At Ruka, meanwhile, Karava couldn't be happier with the decision to try the technology. While it's still winter when we speak, he already knows when the resort will reopen: 4 October 2024. And that's because, whether or not it snows before that, he already knows he'll have the snow. -- If you liked this story, sign up for The Essential List newsletter a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday. Thomas Edison wasn't the first person to record sound. It was a Frenchman who invented sound recording in 1857. The Olympic medallist on how she found her love for speed and danger at an early age. Coldplay return to Glastonbury for the fifth time. Expect a visual spectacle and a set list full of bangers! A dazzling display of pop perfection Dua turns up the heat in her first Glastonbury headine set. Find out how the rich culture of Normandy in Northern France inspired one of the world's greatest artists. There is a gender gap in just how much exercise we need for healthy hearts. La Haine director Mathieu Kassovitz says Artificial Intelligence is replacing the role of movie makers. These mechanical creatures lurk beneath the water's surface and power homes in the Faroe Islands. The former NBA star on how he broke the devastating news to his wife and how that ultimately 'changed the world'. Have you noticed any cognitive or mood swings when its too hot outside? You're not alone. Song, who was born in South Korea, was Oscar-nominated for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay. Home to some of the most imaginative storytelling in the world, Korea is taking the next innovative step. The Zephyr is not your usual aircraft, it only travels at 40mph and it is completely solar-powered. Why do we get hiccups and how can we get rid of them? Who doesn't love a spot of sunset gongoozling on their summer holiday? An 11-mile hike in the Bako National Park in Malaysia transports travellers through seven distinct habitats. Giant ravines: Entire communities are disappearing because of an extreme form of soil erosion. Robots have not yet been able to have a sense of touch - could this be about to change? A simple on the go therapy could help ease anxiety, stress and reduce the impact of traumatic memories. Former Paralympian Steve Brown visits Paris ahead of the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. "Sail fast, then wait" is a common motto in some parts of the shipping industry, but some ships are making the bold move of slowing down to save money and emissions. A new book chronicles the power that travel has to transform places around the world, for better or worse and asks us to consider that the label "tourist" can be a good one. From Josh O'Connor and Mike Faist to Jeremy Allen White and Glen Powell, the controversial 'hot rodent' trend has much to say about male privilege and beauty standards in Hollywood. The Sun is extremely active right now, blasting the Earth with the biggest solar storms in 20 years. This is what it is doing to the rest of the Solar System. After a Ligurian hilltop village was destroyed by an earthquake, a group of artists rebuilt from the ruins. Now residents of this popular tourist attraction are facing eviction. Copyright 2024 BBC. All rights reserved.